TRANSITION Class 10th (Science)

Why are crop fields known as artificial ecosystems? [NCERT Exemplar] Crop fields are man-made and some biotic and abiotic components are manipulated by humans. Therefore, they are known as artificial ecosystems. Suggest one word for each of the following statements/definitions: [NCERT Exemplar] The physical and biological world where we live in. Environment/biosphere Each level of food chain where transfer of energy takes place. Trophic level The physical factors like temperature, rainfall, wind and soil of an ecosystem. Abiotic factors Organisms which depend on the producers either directly or indirectly for food. Consumers/heterotrophs Give two examples of decomposers. State their important role in nature. [CBSE Delhi (C) 2017] Bacteria and fungi are decomposers because bacteria and fungi break down the dead and decaying organic matter into simpler substances and provide the nutrients back to the soil. Importance of decomposers in nature are: They act as natural sca...

1. Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances with the help of one example each. List two changes in habit that people must adopt to dispose non-biodegradable waste, for saving the environment.[NCERT Exemplar, CBSE (AI) 2015] S.No. Biodegradable wastes Non-biodegradable wastes (i)Waste materials which can be broken down into harmless substances in nature in due course of time by the action of microorganisms such as certain bacteria are called biodegradable wastes.Waste materials which cannot be broken down into harmless substances by the action of microorganisms in nature are called non- biodegradable wastes. (ii)Examples: Cattle dung, wool, paper, compost.Examples: Plastics, polythene bags, metal articles, glass objects. People should adopt following changes in habit: Dispose household waste, chemical waste and hospital waste in a landfill. Broken plastic articles such as buckets, bowls, cups, plates, etc., should be sent to plastic processing factories...

Suggest any five activities in daily life which are eco-friendly. Separation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances Gardening Use of gunny bags/paper bags in place of polythene/plastic bags Use of compost and vermicompost in place of fertilisers Harvesting rainwater Name the wastes which are generated in your house daily. What measures would you take for their disposal? [NCERT Exemplar] Kitchen wastes Paper wastes like newspapers, bags, envelopes Plastic bags Vegetable/fruit peels/rind Measures for disposal Segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. Safe disposal of plastic bags. Vegetable/fruit peels can be placed near trees/plants, which on decomposition will enrich the soil with nutrients. Give paper wastes for recycling. Prepare a compost pit for kitchen wastes. Explain some harmful effects of agricultural practices on environment. [NCERT Exemplar] Excessive use of fertilisers changes the chemistry of soil and kills useful microbes. E...

Select the mis-matched pair in the following and correct it. Biomagnification — Accumulation of chemicals at the successive trophic levels of a food chain Ecosystem — Biotic components of environment Aquarium — A man-made ecosystem Parasites — Organisms which obtain food from other living organisms [NCERT Exemplar] (b) is not a matching pair. Both biotic and abiotic components of environment constitute an ecosystem. In the given figure, the various trophic levels are shown in a pyramid. At which trophic level is maximum energy available? At T1, maximum energy is available because it comprises of the producers. What will be the direction of energy transfer in each of the following cases? Grasshopper is eaten by a frog. A deer feeds on grass. A deer is eaten by a lion primary consumer to secondary consumer. producer to primary consumer. secondary consumer to tertiary consumer. In the given figure, the various trophic levels are shown in a pyramid. At which trophic level...

Question 1: What is the functional unit of the environment comprising of the living and non-living components called ? Solution : Ecosystem. Question 2: Name two natural ecosystems and two artificial ecosystems. Solution : Natural ecosystems – Grass land and forest. Artificial ecosystems – Parks and Gardens. Question 3: Which one of the following is not a terrestial ecosystem ? Forest, Grassland, Aquarium, Desert Solution : Aquarium. Question 4: Why are plants called producers ? Solution : Plants are called producers because green plants prepare their own food from simple inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll. Question 5: What name has been given to those organisms which break down the complex organic compounds present in dead animals and plants ? Solution : Decomposers. Question 6: What are planktons ? Solution : Planktons are very minute or microscopic organisms freely floating on the surfa...