Refraction of light
Refraction of light
Question 1:
If a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, will it bend towards the normal or away from it ?
Solution :
It will bend towards the normal.
Question 2:
If a ray of light goes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, will it bend towards the normal or away from the normal ?
Solution :
It will bend away from the normal.
Question 3:
A beam of light travelling in a rectangular glass slab emerges into air. Draw a ray-diagram indicating the change in its path.
Solution :
A ray of light travelling from the glass slabs and emerges into the air.
Question 4:
A beam of light travelling in air is incident on water. Draw a ray-diagram indicating the change in its path in water.
Solution :
Question 5:
A ray of light travelling in water emerges into air. Draw a ray-diagram indicating the change in its path.
Solution :
A ray of light travelling through water to air.
Question 6:
A ray of light travelling in air is incident on a parallel-sided glass slab (or rectangular glass slab). Draw a ray-diagram indicating the change in its path in glass.
Solution :
A ray of light incidence on parallel sided glass slab.
Question 7:
A ray of light travelling in glass emerges into air. State whether it will bend towards the normal or away from the normal.
Solution :
The ray of light will bend away from the normal.
Question 8:
A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the ray of light bend towards the normal or away from the normal ? Why ?
Solution :
The ray of light bends towards the normal. This is because water is an optically denser medium than air.
Question 9:
A ray of light goes from water into air. Will it bend towards the normal or away from the normal ?
Solution :
It will bend away from the normal.
Question 10:
State two effects caused by the refraction of light.
Solution :
Two effects caused by refraction of light are:
– a pool of water appears to be less deep than it actually is.
– an object placed under water appears to be raised.
Question 11:
Name the phenomenon due to which a swimming pool appears less deep than it really is.
Solution :
This is due to refraction of light.
Question 12:
When a ray of light passes from air into glass, is the angle of refraction greater than or less than the angle of incidence ?
Solution :
Angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence.
Question 13:
A ray of light passes from air into a block of glass. Does it bend towards the normal or away from it ?
Solution :
A ray of light travelling from air to glass block, will bend towards the normal.
Question 14:
As light rays pass from water into glass, are they refracted towards the normal or away from the normal ?
Solution :
A ray of light travelling from water into glass will bend towards the normal.
Question 15:
In which material do you think light rays travel faster-glass or air ?
Solution :
Light rays travel faster in air.
Question 16:
Which phenomenon of light makes the water to appear shallower than it really is ?
Solution :
Refraction of light.
Question 17:
State whether the following statement is true or false :
Refraction occurs because light slows down in denser materials.
Solution :
True.
Question 18:
Why does a ray of light bend when it travels from one medium to another ?
Solution :
A ray of light bends when it travels from one medium to another due to the change in the speed of light.
Question 19:
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :
(a) Light travelling along a normal is…………
(b) Light bends when it passes from water into air. We say that it is……………
Solution :
(a) not.
(b) refracted.
Question 20:
What is meant by ‘refraction of light’ ? Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the refraction of light.
Solution :
The change in direction of light when it passes from one medium to another obliquely, is called refraction of light.
Question 21:
A ray of light travelling in air is incident on a rectangular glass block and emerges out into the air from the opposite face. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the complete path of this ray of light. Mark the two points where the refraction of light takes place. What can you say about the final direction of ray of light ?
Solution :
The final direction of the ray of light is same as the incident direction.
Question 22:
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show how a ray of light is refracted when it passes :
(a) from air into an optically denser medium.
(b) from an optically denser medium into air.
Solution :
(a) Ray of light travelling from air into an optically denser medium.
Question 23:
The diagram given alongside shows a ray of light entering a rectangular block of glass.
(a) Copy the diagram and draw the normal at the point of entry.
(b) Draw the approximate path of the ray of light through the glass block and out of the other side.
Solution :
Question 24:
What is meant by the ‘angle of incidence’ and the ‘angle of refraction’ for a ray of light ? Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction for a refracted ray of light.
Solution :
The angle between the incident ray and normal at the point of incidence is called angle of incidence.
The angle between the refracted ray and normal at the point of refraction is called angle of refraction.
Question 25:
Light travels more quickly through water than through glass.
(a) Which is optically denser : water or glass ?
(b) If a ray of light passes from glass into water, which way will it bend : towards the normal or away from the normal ?
Solution :
(a) Glass is optically denser than the water.
(b) The ray will bend away from the normal.
Question 26:
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show how a ray of light passes through a parallel sided glass block :
(a) if it hits the glass block at 90° (that is, perpendicular to the glass block)
(b) if it hits the glass block at an angle other than 90° (that is, obliquely to the glass block).
Solution :
Question 27:
When a light ray passes from air into glass, what happens to its speed ? Draw a diagram to show which way the ray of light bends.
Solution :
Question 28:
(a) Explain why, a stick half immersed in water appears to be bent at the surface. Draw a labelled diagram
to illustrate your answer.
(b) A coin in a glass tumbler appears to rise as the glass tumbler is slowly filled with water. Name the phenomenon responsible for this effect.
Solution :
(a) The apparent bending of the stick is due to the refraction of light when it passes from water into air.
A ray of light OC coming from O passes from water into air and gets refracted away from normal (along CX). Another ray OD gets refracted along DY. The two refracted rays CX and DY, when produced backwards, appear to meet at point I. Thus, I is the virtual image of the end O of the stick. So, the stick appears to be bent as shown below.
(b) This phenomenon is due to the refraction of light as it comes out from water into air?
Question 29:
(a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain why a tank full of water appears less deep than it actually is.
(b) Name the phenomenon due to which a pencil partly immersed in water and held obliquely appears to be bent at the water surface.
Solution :
(a) If we look into a tank of water, it appears to be less deep than it really is. This is due to the refraction of light which takes place when light rays pass from the tank of water into air. When we look into the tank, we do not see the actual bottom of the tank, we see a virtual image of the bottom of the pool which is formed by the refraction of light coming from the water into the air.
(b) Refraction of light.
Question 30:
(a) With the help of a diagram, show how when light falls obliquely on the side of a rectangular glass slab,
the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray.
(b) Show the lateral displacement of the ray on the diagram.
(c) State two factors on which the lateral displacement of the emergent ray depends.
Solution :
(a)
(b) The lateral displacement is shown in the above diagram.
(c) Factors on which the lateral displacement depends are:
(i) Angle of incidence
(ii) Thickness of glass slab
(iii) Refractive index of glass slab
Question 31:
Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, why a pencil partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface. State whether the bending of pencil will increase or decrease if water is replaced by another liquid which is optically more dense than water. Give reason for your answer.
Solution :
A pencil placed in water appears to be bent because of refraction of light. The refraction causes an apparent shift in the position of the part of the pencil within the water.
If water is replaced by another liquid which is optically more dense than water, then the bending of the pencil will increase. This is because the optically denser medium will cause more refraction of light rays.
Lakhmir Singh Physics Class 10 Solutions Page No:221
Question 39:
Which of the following diagrams shows the ray of light refracted correctly ?
Solution :
E.
Question 40:
A vertical ray of light strikes the horizontal surface of some water :
(a) What is the angle of incidence ?
(b) What is the angle of refraction ?
Solution :
(a) 00
(b) 00
Question 41:
How is the reflection of light ray from a plane mirror different from the refraction of light ray as it enters a block of glass ?
Solution :
The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence but the angle of refraction is not equal to the angle of incidence.
Question 42:
How does the light have to enter the glass :
(a) to produce a large amount of bending ?
(b) for no refraction to happen ?
Solution :
(a) Obliquely; making a large angle of incidence.
(b) Perpendicular to the glass surface.
Question 43:
(a) How can you bend light away from the normal ?
(b) How must light travel out of a substance if it is not going to be refracted ?
Solution :
(a) By making the light enter from a denser medium to a rarer medium.
(b) Incidence should be at right angle to the surface of substance.
Question 44:
Draw and complete the following diagrams to show what happens to the beams of light as they enter the glass block and then leave it :
Solution :
Question 45:
Why does a beam of light bend when it enters glass at an angle ? Why does it not bend if it enters the glass at right angles ?
Solution :
A beam of light bends when it enters glass at an angle. This is due to refraction of light. It does not bend if it enters the glass at right angles because no refraction will occur in this case, the angle of incidence in this case is zero and angle of refraction is also zero.
Lakhmir Singh Physics Class 10 Solutions Page No:227
Question 1:
What name is given to the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction ?
Solution :
Refractive index.
Question 2:
Write the relation between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction for a medium.
Solution :
Refractive index= sine of the angle of incidence/sine of the angle of refraction.
Question 3:
What is the unit of refractive index ?
Solution :
Refractive index has no units.
Question 4:
Which has higher refractive index : water or glass ?
Solution :
Glass has higher refractive index.
Question 5:
Refractive indices of carbon disulphide and ethyl alcohol are 1.63 and 1.36 respectively. Which is optically denser ?
Solution :
Carbon disulphide is more denser than the ethyl alcohol.
Question 6:
The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement in relation to the speed of light ?
Solution :
This means that the ratio of the speed of light in air to the speed of light in diamond is equal to 2.42.
Question 7:
If the refractive index for light going from air to diamond be 2.42, what will be the refractive index for light going from diamond to air ?
Solution :
Question 8:
How is the refractive index of a material related to the speed of light in it ?
Solution :
Question 9:
Fill in the following blank with a suitable word :
When a ray of light goes from air into a clear material, you see the ray bend. How much the ray bends is determined by the………………………. of the material.
Solution :
Refractive index.
Question 10:
Give three examples of materials that refract light rays. What happens to the speed of light rays when they enter these materials ?
Solution :
Three examples of materials that refract light rays are water, glass and diamond. When light rays (travelling in air) enter these materials, their speed decreases.
Question 11:
Define Snell’s law of refraction. A ray of light is incident on a glass slab at an angle of incidence of 60°. If the angle of refraction be 32.7°, calculate the refractive index of glass. (Given : sin 60° = 0.866, and sin 32.7° = 540).
Solution :
Question 12:
The speed of light in vacuum and in two different glasses is given in the table below :
(a) Calculate the absolute refractive indexes of flint glass and crown glass.
(b) Calculate the relative refractive index for light going from crown glass to flint glass.
Solution :
Question 13:
The speed of light in air is 3 × 108 m/s. In medium X its speed is 2 × 108 m/s and in medium Y the speed of light is 2.5 × 108 m/s. Calculate:
(a) air nx (b) air ny (c) xny
Solution :
Question 14:
What is the speed of light in a medium of refractive index 
Solution :
Question 15:
The refractive index of glass is 1.5. Calculate the speed of light in glass. The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 ms-1.
Solution :
Question 16:
The speed of light in water is 2.25 × 108 m/s. If the speed of light in vacuum be 3 × 108 m/s, calculate the refractive index of water.
Solution :
Question 17:
Light enters from air into diamond which has a refractive index of 2.42. Calculate the speed of light in diamond. The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 ms-1.
Solution :
Question 18:
(a) State and explain the laws of refraction of light with the help of a labelled diagram.
(b) What is meant by the refractive index of a substance ?
(c) Light travels through air at 300 million ms-1. On entering water it slows down to 225 million ms-1. Calculate the refractive index of water.
Solution :
Question 29:
The following table gives the refractive indices of a few media :
Use this table to give an example of :
(i) a medium pair so that light speeds up when it goes from one of these medium to another.
(ii) a medium pair so that light slows down when it goes from one of these medium to another.
Solution :
(i) Crown glass to water.
(ii) Water to diamond.
Question 30:
Refractive indices of four media A, B, C and D are given below :
In which of these four media is the speed of light (i) maximum, and (ii) minimum ?
Solution :
(i) A (It has least refractive index).
(ii) D (It has highest refractive index).
Question 1:
Name the lens which can concentrate sun’s rays to a point and burn a hole in a piece of paper.
Solution :
Converging lens.
Question 2:
Give the usual name for the following :
A point inside a lens through which the light passes undeviated.
Solution :
Optical center.
Question 3:
A 1 cm high object is placed at a distance of 2ƒ from a convex lens. What is the height of the image formed ?
Solution :
1 cm (same as the height of the object).
Question 4:
If the image formed by a convex lens is of the same size as that of the object, what is the position of the image with respect to the lens ?
Solution :
At 2F (At twice the focal length).
Question 5:
If an object is placed at the focus of a convex lens, where is the image formed ?
Solution :
The image is formed at infinity (at very large distance).
Question 6:
Where should an object be placed in order to use a convex lens as a magnifying glass ?
Solution :
Object should be placed at a distance less than focal length.
Question 7:
Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens so as to obtain its virtual, erect and magnified image ?
Solution :
The object should be placed within focus.
Question 8:
Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens so as to obtain its real, inverted and magnified image ?
Solution :
Object should be placed between f and 2f.
Question 9:
For what position of an object a real, diminished image is formed by a convex lens ?
Solution :
Beyond 2F.
Question 10:
If an object is at a considerable distance (or infinity) in front of a convex lens, where is the image formed ?
Solution :
At focus F.
Question 11:
Draw the given diagram in your answer book and complete it for the path of a ray of light after passing through the lens.
Solution :
Question 12:
What type of lens would you use as a magnifying glass ? How close must the object be to the lens ?
Solution :
Convex lens
The object must be withing the focus of the lens.
Question 13:
Name two factors on which the focal length of a lens depends.
Solution :
Focal length of a lens depends on the refractive index of the glass from which it is made, and on the curvature of its two surfaces.
Question 14:
State any two uses of convex lenses.
Solution :
Two uses of convex lenses:-
1. As a magnifying glass.
2. For making a simple camera.
Question 15:
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :
(a) Parallel rays of light are refracted by a convex lens to a point called the……….
(b) The image in a convex lens depends upon the distance of the…………. from the lens.
Solution :
a) focus.
b) object.
Question 16:
What is a lens ? Distinguish between a convex lens and a concave lens. Which of the two is a converging lens : convex lens or concave lens ?
Solution :
A lens is a piece of transparent glass bound by two spherical surfaces.
A convex lens is thicker at the middle as compared to the edges; while a concave lens is thicker at the edges as compared to the middle.
Convex lens is converging lens.
Question 17:
(a) Explain with the help of a diagram, why the convex lens is also called a converging lens.
(b) Define principal axis, principal focus and focal length of a convex lens.
Solution :
(a) A convex lens also known as converging type because it converges a parallel beam of light rays passing through it.
(b) Principle axis: The principal axis of a lens is a line passing throught the optical centre of the lens and perpendicular to both the faces of the lens.
Principle focus: The principal focus of a convex lens is a point on its principal axis to which light rays parallel to the principal axis converge after passing through the lens.
Focal length: The distance of the principle focus from the optical center of a lens is called its focal length.
Question 18:
(a) Explain with the help of a diagram, why the concave lens is also called a diverging lens.
(b) Define the principal focus of a concave lens.
Solution :
(a) A concave lens is known as diverging lens because it diverges the parallel rays of light passing through it.
(b) The principal focus of a concave lens is a point on its principal axis from which light rays, originally parallel to the axis, appear to diverge after passing through the lens.
Question 19:
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a real magnified image by a convex lens. (In your sketch the position of object and image with respect to the principal focus of lens should be shown clearly).
Solution :
Formation of real magnified image by a convex lens.
Question 20:
Describe with the help of a ray-diagram, the formation of image of a finite object placed in front of a convex lens between ƒ and 2ƒ Give two characteristics of the image so formed.
Solution :
If object is placed in between f and 2f, the image will form on the other side of the lens beyond 2f as shown below.
Characteristics of image formed:
Image formed is real and inverted.
Image formed is magnified.
Question 21:
Describe with the help of a ray diagram the nature, size and position of the image formed when an object is placed in front of a convex lens between focus and optical centre. State three characteristics of the image formed.
Solution :
In the diagram, the object is placed in front of a convex lens between focus and optical centre. The image is formed on the same side as the object as shown below.
Characteristics of image formed:
Image is virtual and erect.
Image is larger than the object
Image is formed behind the object.
Question 22:
An object is placed at a distance equal to 2ƒ in front of a convex lens. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image. State two characteristics of the image formed.
Solution :
Characteristic of image formed:
Image formed is real and inverted.
Image is of same size as the object
Question 23:
Describe with the help of a ray-diagram, the size, nature and position of the image formed by a convex lens when an object is placed beyond 2f in front of the lens.
Solution :
When an object is placed beyond 2f in front of a convex lens, then the image formed is between f and 2f on the other side of the lens, it is real, inverted and smaller than the object.
Question 24:
Describe with the help of a ray diagram the nature, size and position of the image formed when an object is placed at infinity (considerable distance) in front of a convex lens. State three characteristics of the image so formed.
Solution :
When an object is placed at infinity in front of a convex lens, the image is formed at the focus on the other side of the lens.
Characteristics of image formed:
Image is real.
Image is inverted.
Image is highly diminished.
Question 25:
(a) What type of lens is shown in the diagram on the right ? What will happen to the parallel rays of light ? Show by completing the ray diagram.
(b) Your eye contains a convex lens. Why is it unwise to look at the sun ?
Solution :
(a) The lens shown in convex. the parallel rays will converge to a point called focus (F).
(b) It is unwise to look at the sun because the convex lens focusses a lot of sun rays into our eyes and this may damage them.
Question 26:
Where must the object be placed for the image formed by a converging lens to be :
(a) real, inverted and smaller than the object ?
(b) real, inverted and same size as the object ?
(c) real, inverted and larger than the object ?
(d) virtual, upright and larger than the object ?
Solution :
a) Beyond 2F
b) At 2F
c) Between F and 2F
d) Between F and optical centre
Question 27:
Draw a diagram to show how a converging lens held close to the eye acts as a magnifying glass. Why is it usual to choose a lens of short focal length for this purpose rather than one of long focal length ?
Solution :
Converging lens as a magnifying glass:
It is usual to choose a lens of short focal length for this purpose rather than one of long focal length because smaller the focal length of a convex lens, greater will be its magnifying power.
Question 28:
How could you find the focal length of a convex lens rapidly but approximately ?
Solution :
To determine the focal length of a convex lens, we put the convex lens in a holder and keep it in front of a distant object like a window or tree, so that the rays coming from the window pass through it. A cardboard screen is put behind the lens. We change the distance of the screen from the convex lens until a clear inverted image of the window is formed on the screen. Measure the distance of the screen from the lens with a scale. This distance will be the focal length of convex lens.
Question 29:
(a) With the help of a labelled diagram explain how a convex lens converges a beam of parallel light rays.
Mark the principal axis, optical centre, principal focus and focal length of the convex lens on the diagram.
(b) State whether convex lens has a real focus or a virtual focus.
(c) List some things that convex lens and concave mirror have in common.
Solution :
(a) When a beam of light rays parallel to one another and also to the principal axis of the convex lens fall on the lens, the incident rays pass through the lens and get refracted according to the laws of refraction. All the rays, after passing through the lens, converge at the same point F (focus) on the other side of the lens.
(b) A convex lens has a real focus.
(c) Both, convex lens and concave mirror, converge parallel rays of light coming from infinity (parallel to the principal axis) at the focus.
Lakhmir Singh Physics Class 10 Solutions Page No:241
Question 30:
(a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain how a concave lens diverges a beam of parallel light rays.
Mark the principal axis, optical centre, principal focus and focal length of the concave lens on the diagram.
(b) State whether concave lens has a real focus or a virtual focus.
(c) List some things that concave lens and convex mirror have in common.
Solution :
When a beam of light rays parallel to one another and also to the principal axis of the concave lens fall on the lens, the incident rays pass through the lens and get refracted according to the laws of refraction. All the rays spread out after passing through the lens. These diverging rays when produced backwards appear to meet at a point F (focus) on the left side of the lens.
(b) A concave lens has a virtual focus.
(c) Both, concave lens and convex mirror, diverge parallel rays of light coming from infinity (parallel to the principal axis).
Question 31:
Draw ray diagrams to represent the nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for the object placed :
(a) at 2F1,
(b) between F1and the optical centre O of the lens.
Which of the above two cases shows the use of convex lens as a magnifying glass ? Give reasons for your choice.
Solution :
Question 32:
(a) An object is placed well outside the principal focus of a convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to show how
the image is formed, and say whether the image is real or virtual.
(b) What is the effect on the size and position of the image of moving the object (i) towards the lens, and (ii) away from the lens ?
Solution :
(a).
(b)
(i) If object is moved towards the lens, the image size will keep on increasing till the object reaches focus. After that, the size decreases but the image remains magnified. The image keeps movingvaway from the lens (on the opposite side of the lens) till the object reaches focus; after that the image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object.
(ii) If object is moved away from the lens, the size will keep on decreasing and the image keeps on shifting towards t
